Wild bacterial probiotics fed to larvae of mass‐reared Queensland fruit fly [Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt)] do not impact long‐term survival,mate selection,or locomotor activity

Queensland fruit fly [Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt), Diptera, Tephritidae] is the most devastating insect pest impacting Australian horticulture. The Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) is an important component of tephritid pest management programs. However, mass‐rearing and irradiation (to render insects sterile) may reduce the fitness and performance of the insect, including the ability of sterile males to successfully compete for wild females. Manipulation of the gut microbiome, including the supplementation with bacterial probiotics shows promise for enhancing the quality of mass‐reared sterile flies, however there are fewer published studies targeting the larval stage. In this study, we supplemented the larval stage of mass‐reared B. tryoni with bacterial probiotics. We tested several individual bacteria that had been previously isolated and characterized from the gut of wild B. tryoni larvae including Asaia sp., Enterobacter sp., Lactobacillus sp., Leuconostoc sp. We also tested a consortium of all four of these bacterial isolates. The fitness parameters tested included adult survival in field cages, laboratory mate selection of bacteria supplemented males by bacteria nonsupplemented females, and laboratory locomotor activity of adult flies. None of the bacterial probiotic treatments in the current study was significantly different to the control for field survival, mate selection or locomotor activity of adult B. tryoni, which agree with some of the other studies regarding bacterial probiotics fed to the larval stage of tephritids. Future work is needed to determine if feeding the same, and/or other probiotics to adults, as opposed to larvae can positively impact survival, mating performance, mating competitiveness and locomotor activity of B. tryoni. The bacterial group(s) and function of bacterial species that increase fitness and competitiveness is also of interest to tephritid mass‐rearing programs.     

Room Temperature Processed Highly Efficient Large‐Area Polymer Solar Cells Achieved with Molecular Engineering of Copolymers

The room temperature (RT) processability of the photoactive layers in polymer solar cells (PSCs) from halogen‐free solvent along with their highly reproducible power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) and intrinsic thickness tolerance are extremely desirable for the large‐area roll‐to‐roll (R2R) production. However, most of the photoactive materials in PSCs require elevated processing temperatures due to their strong aggregation, which are unfavorable for the industrial R2R manufacturing of PSCs. These limiting factors for the commercialization of PSCs are alleviated by synthesizing random terpolymers with components of (2‐decyltetradecyl)thiophen‐2‐yl)naphtho[1,2‐c:5,6‐c′]bis[1,2,5]thiadiazole and bithiophene substituted with methyl thiophene‐3‐carboxylate (MTC). In contrast to the temperature‐dependent PNTz4T polymer, the resulting random terpolymers (PNTz4T‐MTC) show better solubility, slightly reduced crystallinity and aggregation, and weaker intermolecular interaction, thus enabling PNTz4T‐MTC to be processed at RT from a halogen‐free solvent. Particularly, the PNTz4T‐5MTC‐based photoactive layer exhibits an excellent PCE of 9.66%, which is among the highest reported PCEs for RT and ecofriendly halogen‐free solvent processed fullerene‐based PSCs, and a thickness tolerance with a PCE exceeding 8% from 100 to 520 nm. Finally, large‐area modules fabricated with the PNTz4T and PNTz4T‐5MTC polymer have shown 4.29% and 6.61% PCE respectively, with an area as high as 54.45 cm² in air.     

韧性：三角洲地区规划转型的新理念

三角洲地区经过近几十年的快速发展,在城市建设方面取得举世瞩目的成就,然而长期积累的生态问题也更加突出,暴露出的空间脆弱性问题日益显著。面对自然基底脆弱、自然灾害扰动趋势增强等因素在时空上的高度叠合,迫切需要提升三角洲地区应对未来不确定性扰动的能力。首先从景观角度分析三角洲地区自然环境的特殊性,提出韧性规划是对现有三角洲地区规划转型的论点,认为鲁棒性、适应性、学习—转化能力是三角洲地区韧性规划的核心能力,系统性、协同性、底线性、预判性是三角洲地区韧性规划的主要思维特征。其次,进一步从优化整体格局、构建流动性载体、加强对韧性技术策略的研究和应用、重视跨尺度协作与管理等方面提出了构建“格局—连通—关键点”的韧性规划框架。最后,阐述韧性规划作为三角洲地区规划转型的新理念,应用于具体案例的空间布局时须以人为本,依托自然环境,以自然流动性为规划导向;须基于预判式过程,充分构想能够应对不同情景的预案;须整合生态智慧与现代技术,明晰兼顾鲁棒性与适应性的功能分区管治体系。     

椎体静脉稀疏区注入骨水泥对PVP术中骨水泥渗漏的影响

目的:探讨椎体静脉稀疏区注入骨水泥对骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折患者行经皮穿刺椎体成形术(percutaneous vertebroplasty,PVP)术中骨水泥渗漏的影响。方法:选择西安交通大学第二附属医院2014年1月至2018年6月收治的61例骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折患者,根据骨水泥注入区域的不同,将所有患者分为A组(30例)及B组(31例),A组骨水泥注入区域为椎体静脉密集区(椎体中1/3平面处),B组骨水泥注入区域为椎体静脉稀疏区(椎体上1/3及下1/3平面处),对比两组的骨水泥渗漏率,术前、术后6个月时的视觉模拟评分(Visual analogue scale,VAS),治疗中的骨水泥用量、椎体高度恢复率及cobb角恢复度数。结果:B组的骨水泥渗漏率及骨水泥用量均明显低于A组(P0.05)。两组的VAS评分、椎体高度恢复率、cobb角恢复情况对比差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:与椎体静脉密集区相比,在椎体静脉稀疏区注入骨水泥可显著降低骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折患者PVP术中骨水泥渗漏率,椎体静脉稀疏区可作为PVP术中骨水泥注射的一个相对安全区域。     

Relative roles of niche and neutral processes on turnover of plant,fungal and bacterial communities in arid and semi-arid areas at the regional scale

The mechanisms that determine the spatial structure of macroscopic and microbial communities and how they respond to environmental changes are central themes that have been explored in ecological research. However, little is known about the relative roles and importance of neutral and niche-related factors in the assemblage of bacterial, fungal, and plant communities. Here partial Mantel, null model, and variation partitioning analysis were used to compare mechanisms driving the beta diversity of bacteria, fungi and plant communities at the regional scale in arid and semi-arid areas. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) was used to evaluate the distribution pattern of microbial communities, and vegetation survey were conducted to evaluate the characteristics of plant communities. We found that bacterial, fungal, and plant communities were strongly influenced by niche processes at the regional scale in arid and semi-arid areas. Bacteria had a stronger habitat association, indicating community assembly is strongly affected by niche processes. Fungi, with their body size between plants and bacteria, had moderate environment correlation, and plants had less environment association than fungi or bacteria, which suggests that body size may determine the association between organism and environment. We concluded that the pivotal niche process, environmental filtering, weakened with increasing body size, and it should be considered when we evaluate the relative roles of deterministic and stochastic processes in community assemblage.     

秦岭山区中国大鲵生境因子的选择

通过对秦岭山区中国大鲵(Andrias davidianus)栖息地生境因子调查、统计,利用R语言分析了各因子与大鲵生境选择的相关性,得出研究结果:秦岭山区影响大鲵生存的主要因子为栖息地类型(相关系数r=0.98),其次是水温(相关系数r=-0.8)、河岸坡度(r=-0.6)和p H (r=-0.6);浊度(相关系数r=0.5)、电导率(r=0.49)、DO(r=0.4)、人为干扰(r=0.35)和海拔(r=0.31)对大鲵分布影响不大。研究结果为探讨中国大鲵对野生环境的适应性选择提供了参考。     

Comparison of leaf area index inversion for grassland vegetation through remotely sensed spectra by unmanned aerial vehicle and field-based spectroradiometer

Aims Remote sensing technology has been proved useful in mapping grassland vegetation properties. Spectral features of vegetation cover can be recorded by optical sensors on board of different platforms. With increasing popularity of applying unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to mapping plant cover, the study aims to investigate the possible applications and potential issues related to mapping leaf area index (LAI) through integration of remote sensing imagery collected by multiple sensors.     

近二十年来罗布泊地区生态环境研究综述

随着近期我国"一带一路"生态文明建设以及生态文明建设的提出与实施,生态类型丰富但自然环境脆弱的西北地区再度引发学界关注。历史上罗布泊地区作为陆上丝绸之路交通重要节点,在中外文明交往与民族融合进程中发挥着重大作用,但如今罗布泊干涸以及罗布泊地区生态环境恶化的现实促使学界对该区域的生态环境演变历史进行反思。为进一步了解当前罗布泊地区生态环境研究的整体概况、热点议题及学术前沿趋势,从自然环境与人文环境两大方面对近二十年来罗布泊地区生态环境研究做出阶段性总结,以期为后续深入探讨区域生态环境变化与社会文明演进互动提供参考。     

跨区域森林生态补偿的演化博弈分析——基于主体功能区的视角

新常态下,我国的森林生态环境承载力已经达到或接近上限,森林资源存在乱砍乱伐现象和林区政府监管乏力问题,究其根源是缺乏森林保护和补偿的驱动机制。在中央政府投入大量物力和财力的同时,其他利益相关主体却存在不同利益诉求和行为导向冲突,跨区域森林生态补偿难以实现,因此利用演化博弈模型厘清森林生态环境保护与补偿行动中保护主体、受益主体和中央政府的关系,有助于突破跨区域森林生态保护补偿困境,形成良好的行动机制。分析主体功能区利益群体逻辑关系的基础上,构建保护地区政府和受益地区政府的演化博弈模型,分别研究未引入"约束-激励"机制和引入"约束-激励"机制下的主体行为特征及其影响因素,剖析不同情形地方政府间的博弈决策行为。研究结果表明,在未引入中央政府"约束-激励"机制的情况下,跨区域生态补偿无法实现,保护地区政府会通过权衡保护森林资源收益和机会成本进行策略选择,当保护森林资源的净收益为正时,即使没有受益地区生态补偿,保护地区政府仍然有足够的激励保护森林资源,当保护森林资源的净收益为负时,两类政府群体容易陷入森林生态治理的"囚徒困境",而"约束-激励"机制的引入可以实现森林生态保护补偿的帕累托改进,通过中央政府惩罚、奖励金额的限制能够实现最优稳定均衡策略。     

中国国家公园的边界、分区和土地利用管理——来自自然保护区和风景名胜区的启示

作为生态文明制度改革的具体实现方式和前沿阵地,国家公园体制建设旨在对我国多样化的保护地体系进行重组管理,实现高效合理的国土空间规划、自然资本的保护和全民公益。研究对我国自然保护区和风景名胜区这两类法定保护地的边界和区划的理论基础和实践的技术手段的发展进行梳理,并对我国国家公园体制试点进展进行总结。在此基础上提出,中国国家公园在保护地个体的边界和内部分区上应以实现保护目标为原则,借鉴自然保护区功能分区的基本原则,根据管理目标细化功能分区,借鉴风景名胜区规划实践,注重景观价值,考虑社会经济条件特别是土地权属及土地开发利用可能和方式,进而考虑气候变化和区域长期发展目标等自然和社会经济动态,形成完整的边界和分区理论体系,从而满足全民公益,实现社区经济发展。在区划理论上,一个可行的切入点是考虑空间上生态系统服务功能的差异,根据实现保护目标的管理需求和满足社区生计发展的利用需求,在土地权属和其他限制条件上实现不同组合的生态系统服务功能的空间规划,利用保护地役权来分离土地所有权、使用权和收益权,限制特定土地利用方式,进行利益相关方资源利用管理。